They are essentially just methods of labeling different types of permission for people to come to Canada:
- a temporary resident visa is what Canada calls its visitor visa;
- a temporary resident permit is special permission for someone who is otherwise inadmissible to Canada to visit Canada;
- a work permit is temporary permission to work here;
- a study permit is temporary permission to study here.
So essentially they are all just variations of the same thing: permission to live temporarily in Canada.