Manitoba Skilled Worker Immigration

Table of Contents


Manitoba PNP for Skilled Workers

Manitoba is friendly, low cost and has a stable and prosperous economy. Yes, winters in Winnipeg, the province’s main city where most of the population resides, are pretty cold. But with a low unemployment rate, good wages and benefits, safe working conditions, and well-run public health and education systems, Manitoba is more than worth considering as a destination. And Manitoba’s Provincial Government is looking for skilled workers to settle in the province. The Manitoba Provincial Nominee Program (MPNP) for Skilled Workers nominates applicants who can then apply to immigrate to the province. The applicants must:

    • have a strong connection to the province through family or friends, through work experience, or through studies in Manitoba;
  • have relevant and sufficient skills, training, and work experience; and
  • have official language proficiency;
  • submit a Settlement Plan explaining how you plan to settle in the province and contribute economically.

To immigrate to Manitoba through MPNP, you will undergo a 3-stage process:

  1. Step 1: Submit an Expression of Interest (EOI)
  2. Step 2: Similar to Express Entry you will be ranked and the highest qualified candidates with a connection to Manitoba will be invited to submit an MPNP application through a Letter of Advice to Apply (LAA)
  3. Step 3: MPNP assesses and then nominates successful candidates. You then make a separate application to CIC for permanent resident visas for you and your family

There are 3 paths, called streams, when applying to immigrate to Manitoba:

  • Skilled Workers in Manitoba: these are
    • Qualified Temporary Foreign Workers in Manitoba;
    • International Students who have studied in Manitoba and graduated and have been offered a permanent job with a Manitoba employer.
  • Skilled Workers Overseas: If you are a skilled foreign worker living overseas who can demonstrate a strong connection to Manitoba through:
    • Family and friends;
    • Past education or past employment in Manitoba.
  • By Invitation: from the MPNP: which travels overseas to recruit skilled workers. If you receive such an invitation, then you may apply to the MPNP Skilled Workers Program.

 

Index

 

Our Manitoba PNP Service

Fees
Immigroup representation CDN $3000 + tax
Government:
PNP application for Manitoba is free
Permanent residence application fee CDN $550*
Right of permanent residence fee CDN $490*

* Government fees are based on only one person in the application. Fees will vary depending on number of persons included in application. You may be required to pay additional fees for medical exams, police certificates, language assessments, courier fees or adding dependents to your application.

We guarantee that your Manitoba skilled worker application will be accurate and complete and in accordance with Canadian immigration law.

If you are unsure about whether you will qualify for the skilled worker program you can book a consultation  appointment to get started. At your consultation appointment, we will ask you additional qualifying questions, and answer any questions you may have. We charge a fee of CDN $150 + HST for this consultation. This fee will be deducted from our total fees if you retain our services.

 

Eligibility for the Manitoba Skilled Worker PNP

There are 5 basic eligibility factors that are used to rank your application under MPNP:

  1. Age
  2. English proficiency
  3. Work Experience
  4. Education
  5. Adaptability

The following types of persons are ineligible and may not apply for the MPNP:

Further eligibility requirements for Skilled Workers in Manitoba; for a skilled foreign worker in Manitoba to qualify:

  • You must have worked at least 6 months for a Canadian employer in Manitoba as a temporary foreign worker or an international student graduate now working.
  • After this minimum 6 month work period, the Canadian employer must then offer you long-term, full-time work.
  • Your employer must be an incorporated or registered Canadian company with an established production capability, a plant, or a place of business in Manitoba.
  • Your employer must be an established business able to offer you long-term and full-time employment.
  • Self-employment, unauthorized work, and work done on a co-op permit will not count towards your 6 month minimum qualifying work experience.
  • Self-employed individuals, business owners, owner-operators, individual service providers providing services to the businesses supporting their application are not eligible to apply as skilled workers in Manitoba.
  • Any work experience gained in the occupations just listed will not count towards the qualifying work experience.
  • You must show a credible employer-employee relationship or MPNP will not issue a work permit support letter.

 

Temporary Foreign Workers in Manitoba Applying for PR

Go here to MPNP Online to register with the Manitoba provincial government and open an account with them. You will then have to upload the following documents:

  • A copy of your valid work permit;
  • Written confirmation form your Manitoba employer that you have been employed on a continuous basis for at least 6 months;
  • Your job offer letter stating your salary or wage and detailing your job signed and dated on company letterhead;
  • Any other documents required at the Documents page of MPNP online.

You must also meet the following conditions:

  • The offer of employment must come from your current employer for whom you have been working full-time at least 6 months;
  • You must be fully qualified for the position: this includes any required training and/or education; certification and/or licensing required;
  • You must be proficient enough in English (or French) to allow you to do your job;
  • Your employment connections to Manitoba must be stronger than those to any other province;
  • Your Settlement Plan must demonstrate your intention to live, work, raise your family, and permanently reside in the province of Manitoba;
  • Settlement Fund requirements (currently CAD$12,669) may be waived if your current income is deemed sufficient to allow you to accomplish your Settlement Plan.

 

International Student Graduates Now Working in Manitoba Applying for PR

If you have graduated from a Manitoba post-secondary institution and have been working at least 6 months for a Manitoba employer, then you also may apply. Students from schools outside of Manitoba may apply only if they have at least 1 year of continuous full-time employment with a Manitoba employer. At MPNP Online you must upload the following:

  • A copy of your valid post-graduation work permit;
  • Written confirmation from your employer of minimum 6 months continuous full-time employment (1 year for working international students from other provinces);
  • A copy of your job offer letter with wage or salary as well as job details dated and signed on company letterhead;
  • Documents proving your post-secondary education: study permit, academic transcripts from your school, a copy of your degree, diploma or certificate;
  • Any other documents required from the Documents page at MPNP Online site.

The following conditions must also be met:

  • You attended an authorized educational or training program at a public, or registered private post-secondary institution in Manitoba;
  • Language programs are NOT considered a valid training or educational program;
  • Your program was full-time and at least 1 academic year in duration;
  • You completed your program successfully and were awarded a diploma, degree, or certificate;
  • You have been continuously employed for at least 6 months (1 year for international working students who studied in other provinces);
  • You have a valid work permit from CIC;
  • Your employment connection to Manitoba is stronger than those to other provinces;
  • Your Settlement Plan shows you intend to work, live, and/or raise a family in Manitoba;
  • You have sufficient language skills as tested by approved language test centres to perform your job.

 

Skilled Workers from Overseas Applying to the MPNP

To apply from overseas as a skilled worker you must prove you have what is called an established connection to Manitoba through:

 

Manitoba Support Requirements for the Skilled Worker PNP

A Manitoba supporter is a friend or relative who is an established resident of Manitoba and can review and endorse the applicant’s plan for settling and finding work in the destination community chosen by the applicant. The Manitoba supporter must:

  1. Be able to prove with documents that they have been residing in Manitoba for at least 1 year (Manitoba Health Card);
  2. Be a Canadian citizen or Permanent Resident and have the documentation to prove this (PR Card of Passport);
  3. Be able to show close ties to both the applicant and Manitoba;
  4. Be able to show that any previous applicant they supported were able to successfully and permanently establish themselves in Manitoba;
  5. Be able to support the applicant’s Settlement Plan;
  6. Be able to prove with documentation if they claim to be a close relative of the applicant;
  7. May support the application of more than 1 skilled worker at a time if they are a close relative and can demonstrate the ability to support more than 1 skilled worker.

 

Close Relatives Vs. Friends and Distant Relatives – Definitions according to the Manitoba PNP

A close relative is defined as the following:

    • Sister or Brother;
    • Niece or Nephew;
    • Aunt or Uncle;
    • First Cousin (child of your aunt or uncle);
    • Mother or Father;
    • Grandmother or Grandfather;

If you are any other type of relative or a friend then you may not support more than 1 foreign worker at a time nor be supporting or sponsoring any other applicant in any other immigration program in Canada.

The following may not support foreign workers:

  • A paid immigration representative;
  • Anyone who is not a demonstrated relative or friend of the applicant or the applicant’s spouse;
  • A Canadian elected official or their staff.

 

How an MPNP Invitation Works

MPNP‘s Strategic Recruitment Initiatives in Manitoba and overseas will issue invitations to apply to selected qualified candidates from time to time. You may not apply on your own for this stream. It is at the sole discretion of MPNP. If you are invited to apply you will first be interviewed by a recruitment officer during an exploratory visit or recruitment drive. You must then upload your Letter of Invitation at MPNP Online.

  • MPNP will announce various recruitment missions done with the participation of Manitoba employers.
  • Exploratory Visits: These are pre-arranged trips that potential MPNP applicants can make to the province of Manitoba to explore job opportunities and different communities in the province where they might be able to settle. An Exploratory Visit does not guarantee you an Invitation to Apply from MPNP. You will be interviewed during the visit as part of the pre-arranged visit and if you are selected you will then receive a Letter of Invitation. Not all those who make an Exploratory Visit will receive an invitation to apply.

The following eligibility general guidelines will help you decide if the MPNP Invitation Stream is right for you:

  • You are between the ages of 21 – 45;
  • You do not have a stronger connection to another province;
  • You can demonstrate that you are employable and adaptable;
  • You have completed a 1 year or more post-secondary education or training program and you have received your diploma, degree, or certificate;
  • You have worked at least 2 of the last 5 years and you can show you have the ability to find a job in your specified occupation – including any licensing requirements for regulated professions;
  • You can show a genuine intention of settling in Manitoba to live and work as part of your Settlement Plan;
  • You can provide the MPNP with language test results from the previous 2 years that show a score equivalent to at least CLB 5 in each category and overall.

 

Eligible Dependants for the Manitoba Skilled Worker PNP

The persons you can bring with you to live in Manitoba under a MPNP program are:

  • Spouses: by marriage or by common-law partnership of at least 1 year.
  • Dependent children: those under 19 years old, OR, those 19 or older who depend largely on the parent’s financial support because of mental or physical conditions.

All dependents must be declared to MPNP.

Parents and siblings do not qualify for the MPNP program even if they live with you.

 

Languages Requirements for the Manitoba Skilled Worker PNP

You need job-ready official language skills. That means you must take one of the following MPNP-approved language test (English and/or French):

Use the following CLB Calculators to calculate your CLB score from your test score: IELTS go here; CELPIP go here; CELPIP 2014 go here; TEF go here;

National Occupation Classification (NOC) C & D – semi and low skilled occupations – must have a CLB 4 or better. If you are applying for a NOC C & D occupation, submit your language test results with your MPNP application.

 

Expression of Interest (EOI) for the Manitoba Skilled Worker PNP

An Expression of Interest (EOI) is the first step in migrating to Manitoba under one of the MPNP streams. It involves answering a series of questions online without any supporting documentation. You will be scored based on the answers you give to the questions, and your online profile will be placed in a pool with other candidates. You will be ranked according to a ranking system explained below which is similar to the one used in Canada’s Express Entry system. The highest ranked candidates from the pool will then be invited to submit a full application to the MPNP.

 

How the Pool of Candidates for the MPNP Works

Once you complete an EOI (see below) you will be place in a pool of all candidates in your stream:

  • Your profile is valid for 1 year from the day you submit it;
  • You receive EOI ranking points based on the information you provided when submitting your EOI online;
  • The MPNP will regularly draw the highest-ranking candidates from the pool and invite them to submit a full application by means of a Letter of Advice to Apply, LAA;
  • The MPNP uses an electronic filing system for EOIs and for full applications. Please provide a valid email address to the MPNP for all communications with them;
  • You can use the same login information you used to create your EOI (see below) when you log in to file a full application, having been selected from the pool of candidates;
  • Please ensure all information you provide is accurate and up to date. Update any changes to your information as and when necessary;
  • Any submission of false information to the MPNP will result in your application being refused, and you being banned for 2 years from re-applying.

 

The MPNP’s Ranking System

The MPNP ranking system is similar to Express Entry’s ranking system and is designed to ensure successful applicants are able to adapt to society and succeed economically in Manitoba. While it uses the same 5 factors – as well as a risk factor that determines how likely you are to stay in Manitoba – that are used in determining your eligibility, the actual points awarded are different. It is organized as follows:

 

Language Points for the MPNP

LAnguage Proficiency – First Language ranking Points
CLB 8 or higher 25 per band
CLB 7 22 per band
CLB 6 20 per band
CLB 5 17 per band
CLB 4 12 per band
CLB 3 or lower 0

Bands are Reading, Writing, Listening and Speaking. To learn more about CLB bands, go here.

When the applicant speaks both official languages, they can list the language they are most comfortable in as their first official language and the other official language as their second:

Language Proficiency – Second Language Ranking Poins
CLB 5 or higher 25 total

Maximum Ranking Points for Language: 125

 

Age Points for the MPNP

Age as of Application Submission Ranking Points
18 20
19 30
20 40
21-45 75
46 40
47 30
48 20
49 10
50 and older 0

Maximum Ranking Points for Age: 75

 

Work Experience Points for the MPNP

Full-time (30 hours per week or more), continuous work for 6 months or longer:

Years of Work Experience Ranking Points
4 years or more 75
3 years 60
2 years 50
1 year 40
Less than 1 year 0
Fully recognized by provincial licensing body 100

The licensing points (100) are only awarded to those working in occupations requiring licensing in Manitoba, and have completed all the steps necessary to be able to work in Manitoba at the time the application is submitted.

Maximum Ranking Points for Work Experience: 175

 

Education Points for the MPNP

Highest Level of Education Completed Ranking Points
Master’s Degree or Doctorate 125
2 post-secondary programs of at least 2 years each 115
1 post-secondary program of 3 years or more 110
1 post-secondary degree of 2 years 100
A 1 year post-secondary program 70
Trade Certificate 70
No formal post-secondary education 0

Maximum Ranking Points for Education: 125

 

Adaptability Points for the MPNP

Your type of connection to Manitoba:

Connection to Manitoba ranking Points
Close relative in Manitoba 200
Previous authorized work experience in Manitoba (6 or more months) 100
Completed post-secondary program in Manitoba (2 years or more) 100
Completed post-secondary program in Manitoba (1 year) 50
Close friend or distant relative in Manitoba 50
Manitoba Demand: Ongoing employment with Manitoba employer for 6 months or more with long-term job offer from same employer 500
Manitoba Demand: Invitation to apply to MPNP under a Strategic Initiative 500
Regional: immigration destination outside of Winnipeg 50

Regional points are a supplement to a type of connection and are not considered a type of connection themselves. Regional points cannot be supplements to the 2 Manitoba Demand type of connections.

Maximum Ranking Points for Adaptability: 500

 

Risk Assessment for the MPNP

Involves points deducted (they have a ‘–’ sign) based on connections you have to other parts of Canada:

Risk Factor Ranking Points Docked
Close relative in another province and not close relative in Manitoba -100
Work experience in another province -100
Studies in another province -100
Previous immigration application to another province -100

Maximum Ranking Points (deducted) for Risk Factors: 400

 

Letters of Advice to Apply to the MPNP

On a regular basis, draws are held and the highest scoring EOI in each of the MPNP’s application streams:

  • Skilled Workers in Manitoba
  • Skilled Workers Overseas

will receive a Letter of Advice to Apply (LAA). The number of LAA’s sent out will depend on processing targets and capacities at the MPNP. When you receive an LAA you will have 60 days to submit a full application to the MPNP. Your LAA will advise on what steps to take. Remember that your EOI will remain active for 1 year. If after 1 year you have not received an LAA, you will need to submit a new EOI to remain in the candidate pools.

 

How to Create an Expression of Interest for the Manitoba Skilled Worker PNP

Go here and scroll down to the bottom of the page to the ‘Apply Now’ button. Click on it and you will be directed to follow the instructions to create your account with the Provincial Government of Manitoba. Select Create an Expression of Interest from the options provided and answer the questions by providing information on:

  • Your identity;
  • Your contact information;
  • Your education;
  • Your Work Experience;
  • Your Official Languages proficiency;
  • Your Connection to Manitoba and Canada.

Only click “Yes” on Previous Immigration Applications if on your previous federal or provincial immigration application, your destination was a province other than Manitoba.

Next, remember before clicking on the submit button, you should print out the summary page that shows the answers you gave to all the questions and the points scores. The printout is for your own records.

Also, you can only have one Expression of Interest active at any time.

Remember to answer all questions truthfully because you may find your EOI cancelled should any false information be discovered at a later time. In our next article, we will cover your Invitation to Apply and what steps are next after you have submitted your full application.

 

How to Respond to a Letter of Advice to Apply to the Manitoba Skilled Worker PNP

When you receive your Letter of Advice to Apply (LAA) you should then log into your account with the Manitoba Government, at MPNP Online. When you submitted your Expression of Interest (EOI) you will have created this account. Use the same account (password and log in) and you will now be able to submit a complete application. Remember that you have 60 days from the date on your LAA to submit the complete application to the MPNP.

It is vital that you understand that the documents (or copies thereof) that you upload with your complete application will determine, in large part, whether you are nominated or refused by the MPNP. Credible and verifiable documents must be submitted to MPNP Online to ensure that you are viewed as eligible to apply. And these documents should back up the claims you made when submitting your Expression of Interest (EOI). We have dealt with the extensive eligibility requirements under MPNP and you should review these again before applying. It is helpful to remember that:

  • MPNP is an economic migration program and not a sponsorship program. It promotes and aids economic integration for independent skilled workers and entrepreneurs.
  • Your declared Connection to Manitoba will be assessed based on the supporting documents you submit. The better the documents, the stronger your connection.
  • Your employability will be judged based on:
    • Past education;
    • Training;
    • Work Experience;
    • Language Skills;
    • Regulatory Requirements.
  • If you choose an Immigration Representative, they must:
    • Be a lawyer in good standing with a provincial or territorial law society in Canada, OR
    • Be a notary in good standing with Quebec’s chamber of notaries, OR
    • Be an immigration consultant in good standing with the Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council, ICCRC;
    • Provide a signed Code of Conduct if they submit an EOI on your behalf.
    • If the MPNP determines the representative has not complied with the terms of the Code of Conduct they may refuse to accept an application submitted by the representative;
    • Applicants may remove a named representative at any time by providing a written request to the MPNP. You must have removed your previous representative before naming a new one.
    • The MPNP will disclose information to only one representative per application. The MPNP will communicate directly with you, the applicant, whenever necessary.
  • In MPNP Online, use the points worksheet and the Come to Manitoba, Canada tool to see if you meet the eligibility requirements for applying. In the case of any discrepancy between your self-assessment and the assessment done by the MPNP based on the documents and other information you provide, the MPNP’s assessment will be used.
  • Applications are assessed on a case-by-case basis, based on the information at the MPNP Online site on the date you applied.
  • You cannot apply through both the Skilled Worker and Business programs. You must choose one of them.
  • You can only have one MPNP application in process at a time.
  • If the MPNP determines you have the intention to immigrate to Canada for business purposes rather than as a Skilled Worker, then they may require you to apply through the Business program instead.

 

Getting Your Documents Ready to Apply to the MPNP

Before you begin the online application process at MPNP Online, you need to gather all the required documents and be prepared to scan them and upload them as you complete your application. Please note that any paper documents will have be scanned and placed either in the PDF format or an image file format (PNG, JPEG) and each file must be less than 2 MB in size.

Once you have submitted your application you cannot change the documents or the information submitted. You can, however, login at a later date and update your personal information to reflect any changes. For example: getting married, or divorced; having a new child, or changing your address or email.

Here is a list of some of the documents you will be required to scan and upload:

  • Personal Information:
    • Birth Certificate: government-issued or otherwise official;
    • Valid Passport with photograph and visas if resident of a country of which you are not a citizen;
    • Marriage, Divorce certificates; Separation agreements; Documents proving common-law relationship of at least 1 year;
    • Death Certificates (if applicable);
    • Birth Certificates of dependent children showing names of both parents;
    • Adoption papers of dependent children;
    • Custody agreements for children if you are divorced or separated;
    • Travel documents allowing dependent children to travel should they be required.
  • Education:
    • A copy of your diploma, degree, or certificate for your secondary education as well as each post-secondary program you or your spouse have completed;
    • An academic transcript for your secondary education, and for each post-secondary program you or your spouse have completed;
    • If your documents are not in English or French you must upload a certified translation into either English or French.
  • Employment
    • A signed letter of reference from each employer over the past 5 years of the applicant and spouse; on company letterhead signed by a company representative;
    • Each letter should include the start and end dates of your employment at the company, as well as a detailed description of your job duties, and your salary or wage.
  • Immigration: You must submit documents for any previous application to an immigration program in Canada or any previous visits, or stays, in Canada concerning yourself, your spouse, and/or your dependants. This includes:
    • Application result letters for applications to provincial nominee programs and federal immigration programs;
    • Refugee application result letters;
    • Temporary work visas;
    • Study visas;
    • Visitor visas.
  • Language Ability: You must submit documents to back up your claims of English or French language proficiency that you make in your application:
    • Approved language test results: IELTS General; CELPIP General (Canada only); or TEF (French).
    • Only applicants working in Manitoba in NOC 0, A, or B, occupations are exempt from having to submit language test results, and may submit other documentation to prove their language proficiency. All other applicants must submit language test results.
  • Settlement Funds: You will require a minimum of CAD$12,669 plus additional funds for your spouse and for each dependent. To prove you have the required settlement funds, which are funds to help you support yourself and your family, you must submit:
    • Copies of bank statements and Certificates of Deposit;
    • Copies of securities and other investments;
    • Proof of ownership of real estate, with current market price estimates;
    • Proof of other assets (not personal items like jewelry, furniture, or vehicles) with fair market evaluations;
    • Proof of transferability of funds should your country have currency controls in place.
  • Adaptability – Settlement Plans: As part of your settlement plan – where you explain how you will settle in the community and why you chose Manitoba – your supporters will receive:
    • Form SPP2e: Settlement Plan Part 2 where they will explain how they plan to help you settle in the province; by helping you acquire required licencing for example in order to work in your chosen occupation.

 

How the MPNP Assesses Your Application

  • Pre-Assessment: This is the first stage where MPNP officials review your application and supporting documentation to ensure it is complete and accurate. They will then send you:
    • An Acknowledgement of Receipt of a complete application, OR
    • A Missing Document Request if your application is incomplete, OR
    • Send you back your application as ineligible for assessment.
  • Assessment: This is where your application is assessed in terms of employability and adaptability, the two current criteria established by the MPNP.
    • Adaptability assesses your intention to permanently settle in Manitoba and make a positive and immediate contribution to the economy. It also considers family and social ties to the province, as well as past work experience in the province or studies in the province. Experience gained through MPNP Recruitment drives or Exploratory Visits also contribute to adaptability.
    • Employability is assessed by the factors listed above:
      • Past education;
      • Training;
      • Work Experience;
      • Language Skills;
      • Regulatory Requirements.

 

Final Decision by the MPNP

This will be mailed to you or your representative and will contain:

  • If Approved: you will receive a Nomination Package with:
    • An Approval Letter;
    • Instructions for submitting a Canadian Permanent Resident visa application;
    • Invitation to continue your Settlement Plan by using MPNP’s pre-arrival Workbook.
  • If Refused: You will receive an email (if you have provided an email address) or letter stating the reasons for the refusal of your application by the MPNP.

 

Appealing a Refusal by the MPNP

Procedural Fairness is a new appeals process for applications submitted on or after April 30, 2015. It involves sending you the applicant a Fairness Letter before the final decision, if your application is being considered for refusal. The Fairness Letter gives you an opportunity to provide additional information to support your application before the final decision is made.

  • Fairness Letter: Lists the concerns with your application and is your ONLY opportunity to address them.
  • Applicant Response: You will have 30 days to respond to the Fairness Letter. If no response is made, your application will be judged on the information available to the MPNP.
  • Final Decision: If a response is received, the additional information included in the response will be taken into account and an approval or refusal will be made. If you are refused you will have to submit a new EOI to start the process over. Do not submit a new EOI until you have been able to address the concerns expressed in the refusal.

 

Request for Review (RFR) by the MPNP

This applies to applications received before April 30, 2015. In this process, you must prove to the MPNP that their decision to refuse your application was not consistent with the evidence (documents and any other information) that you provided with the original application. You may not provide new documents or information but rather you must state your case based on what you submitted originally. It is best to wait 6 months after your letter of refusal, in which case you can then demonstrate with new information that you have addressed the concerns that led to your application being refused. Once you have received a letter of refusal:

  • You have 60 days from the date of your letter of refusal to submit your Request for Review or RFR;
  • You must download the RFR form from MPNP Online and complete it using Adobe Reader;
  • Send your completed RFR form attached to an email to MPNP Online explaining that you are submitting a Request for Review.

Call us 1-866-760-2623 / (+1) 416-962-2623 or email us at [email protected]

 

PNP Draw Points Cut-Offs

Some of the PNP streams for the provinces of Ontario, Alberta and Manitoba use the same scoring system as Express Entry. Here are the cut-offs for 2021:

 

PNP Invitations

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